The key shift in European security and defence is that cooperation has become more pragmatic, ad hoc, and diffuse, both in terms of institutional setup and leadership. At the same time, the balance of ...

Cyber, space, and artificial intelligence (AI) are pivotal research fields in contemporary security studies and on the modern battlefield. Cyber has taken on heightened significance as offensive cyber ...

Reports and information disclosures by threat intelligence providers, government agencies, think tanks, and online hacktivists have exposed China’s elaborate multifaceted “hack-for-hire” ecosystem ...

The Ukrainian military situational awareness platform Delta (Дельта) is at the heart of this CSS report. Initially developed in 2015 by Aerorozvidka (Аеророзвідка – then military unit A2724), the ...

The IT Army of Ukraine was stood up in an ad-hoc manner without a clearly structured and proven plan. Born out of necessity, the IT Army subsequently evolved into a hybrid construct that is neither ...

Gorana Grgić and Daniel Möckli place this year’s edition of Strategic Trends in the context of profound changes in the international order, characterized by shifting power balances, increasing rivalry ...

Recent revelations of Chinese government-backed hacking show a recurring pattern: prominent hackers behind groups such as APT17, APT27, APT41, Flax Typhoon, and Red Hotel—monikers given by ...

Space systems are an integral part of modern war fighting. Militaries use them to conduct everything from reconnaissance to communications and data transfers, mission planning, and maintain ...

The space sector has become an increasingly attractive target for cyber threat actors. In 2025, 407 cyber incidents affecting 183 distinct space-related entities were identified through open-source ...

Zeus’ Law as a Stand-In for International Law? Throughout the film, Nolan’s characters appear greatly concerned with “Zeus’ law,” or what Homer would have referred to as xenia. Derived from the ...

Carl von Clausewitz's On War remains one of the foundational readings in professional military education. Nearly two centuries after its publication, senior military officers around the world, from ...

The proliferation of emerging technologies including drones, AI, hypersonic missiles, advanced communication networks, cyber, and space-based assets, is increasingly shaping contemporary conflicts.