The first law of refraction states that the incident rays, refracted rays, and the normal to the interface at the point of incidence, all lie in the same plane. The ratio of the sine of the angle of ...

Exploiting a novel technique called phase discontinuity, researchers have induced light rays to behave in a way that defies the centuries-old laws of reflection and refraction. The discovery has led ...

To demonstrate a quick way of calculating the optical difference between two refractions using vector analysis, and to express this as a score for examination purposes. An existing formula is applied, ...

Ray Optics often overwhelms Class 12 students due to formulas and sign conventions. An expert board examiner explains why rote learning fails and how visual thinking, ray diagrams, and conceptual ...