One of the most fundamental concepts in our profession is impedance. Due to the nuances of the mathematics related to this quantity, the minutia of what is taking place and the associated nomenclature ...

When shopping for loudspeakers or headphones, most consumers don’t even look at the impedance of the products they are considering. Do they need to? What is Impedance? Glad you asked. Most consumers ...

In the December 2008 issue of EC&M, we talked about calculating the inductive reactance of conductors that are in close proximity to (or touching) one another. We also noted that the inductance and, ...

All engineers know resistance is usually bad news. It generates heat. It reduces efficiency. It wears out components and cuts operational lifetimes. However, resistance is not the only kind of ...

In this article, we will explore AC analysis with the “.AC” directive, one of the main techniques for evaluating the frequency response of circuits. It is one of the most powerful features of SPICE ...